Австралийский Союз (англ. Commonwealth of Australia), Австралия (англ. Australia) — шестая в мире страна по размеру территории. Включает в себя Австралийский материк и острова, самый большой из которых — Тасмания.

Восточная Австралия была провозглашена территорией Великобритании в 1770, а первая колония была основана 26 января 1788. По мере того как население росло, на территории Австралии были основаны шесть самоуправляющихся колоний.

1 января 1901 эти шесть колоний образовали федерацию. С этого времени Австралия сохраняет стабильную демократическую систему управления.

Соседями Австралии являются Индонезия, Восточный Тимор и Папуа — Новая Гвинея с севера, Соломоновы острова и Вануату с северо-востока, Новая Зеландия с юго-востока. Кратчайшее расстояние между главным островом Папуа — Новой Гвинеи и материковой Австралией — 150 километров; однако от австралийского острова Бойгу до Папуа — Новой Гвинеи всего 5 километров.

Название «Австралия» происходит от лат. australis, означающего южный. Легенды о «неизвестной южной земле» (terra australis incognita) идут со времен римлян, были общим местом средневековой географии, однако не были основаны на реальном знании. Голландцы использовали этот термин для всех новооткрытых южных земель с 1638.

Название «Australia» стало популярным после опубликования Путешествия в Terra Australis капитана Мэтью Флиндерса. Губернатор Нового Южного Уэльса Макквайри использовал это название в переписке с Англией. В 1817 он рекомендовал это название как официальное. В 1824 Британское адмиралтейство окончательно утвердило это название континента.
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The Commonwealth of Australia is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the mainland of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania and a number of other islands in the Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans.N4 The neighbouring countries are Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east.

The Australian mainland has been inhabited for more than 42,000 years by Indigenous Australians. After sporadic visits by fishermen from the north and by European explorers and merchants starting in the 17th century, the eastern half of Australia was claimed by the British in 1770 and initially settled through penal transportation as part of the colony of New South Wales, commencing on 26 January 1788. As the population grew and new areas were explored, another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were established during the 19th century.

On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth Realm. The capital city is Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory. The population is 21 million, and is concentrated in the mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide.

The name "Australia" is derived from the Latin Australis, meaning "Southern". Legends of an "unknown land of the south" (terra australis incognita) dating back to Roman times were commonplace in mediæval geography, but were based on no actual knowledge of the continent. The first use of the word "Australia" in English was in 1625 — the words "A note of Australia del Espiritu Santo, written by Master Hakluyt", published by Samuel Purchas in Hakluytus Posthumus. The Dutch adjectival form Australische was used by Dutch officials in Batavia to refer to the newly discovered land to the south in 1638. "Australia" was used in a 1693 translation of Les Aventures de Jacques Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe, a 1692 French novel by Gabriel de Foigny under the pen name Jacques Sadeur. Alexander Dalrymple then used it in An Historical Collection of Voyages and Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean (1771), to refer to the entire South Pacific region. In 1793, George Shaw and Sir James Smith published Zoology and Botany of New Holland, in which they wrote of "the vast island, or rather continent, of Australia, Australasia or New Holland."

The name "Australia" was popularised by the 1814 work A Voyage to Terra Australis by the navigator Matthew Flinders, the first recorded person to circumnavigate Australia. Despite its title, which reflected the view of the British Admiralty, Flinders used the word "Australia" in the book, which was widely read and gave the term general currency. Governor Lachlan Macquarie of New South Wales subsequently used the word in his dispatches to England, and on 12 December 1817 recommended to the Colonial Office that it be officially adopted). In 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as "Australia".
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